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Jeff Bezos wants to defy death. This is what we know about the science of aging

Jeff Bezos’s mission is to overcome aging. He has just recruited Hal Barron from GlaxoSmithKline to lead Altos Labs, an ambitious new anti-aging company with billions in investment. So what does science really say about this? Could we beat aging?

Aging is not just a change in our feelings or appearance, but aging occurs at the cellular level. In a laboratory culture dish, adult skin cells divide approximately 50 times before arresting. But the skin cells of a newborn baby can divide 80 or 90 times. And on the other hand, the cells of the elderly divide only about twenty times.

Aging is also reflected in our genes. Our genetic material changes over time – chemicals can be attached to it that change which genes turn on or off. These are called epigenetic changes, and they increase as we age. A different change occurs at the ends of the DNA in our cells. Repetitive DNA segments, called telomeres, act like the plastic tip of a shoelace, preventing the twisted strands of genetic material from tearing at their ends or knotting together. But these telomeres shorten each time the cell divides. We don’t know if short telomeres are just a sign of aging, like gray hair, or if they are part of a process in which cells age.

Cells, Chromosomes, and Telomeres

In order to survive and continue to divide, immune cells prevent their telomeres from shortening as they proliferate, as do cancer cells. This has probably contributed to their apparent immortality. Drugs that inhibit telomerase activity also show promise against cancer (although cancer cells can develop resistance).

Bigger Question

Given that aging has such a profound effect on our cells and genes – the effects mentioned here are just examples – a much bigger question arises: why is this happening? Why are we getting older?

It was once thought that aging was due to the constant evolution of species. In other words, the evolution of a species requires the turnover of individuals. One problem with this idea, however, is that most life on Earth never reaches old age. Most animals are killed by predators, diseases, climate, or hunger. So the built-in limit of an animal’s lifespan may not be important for evolution.

Another view is that aging is only a side effect of damage caused by metabolism or exposure to ultraviolet light from the sun over time. We know that genes are damaged as we age, but it has not been proven that this would lead to aging directly. Another possibility is that aging may have developed as a protection against cancer. Because cells accumulate genetic damage over time, they may have developed a process that will not persist in the body for too long if this damage eventually causes the cell to turn into cancer.

As we age, some of the cells in the body go into an aging state where the cell survives but stops dividing. Aging cells accumulate in the body over a lifetime – especially in the skin, liver, lungs and spleen – and have both beneficial and detrimental effects.

In Dept

They are useful because they secrete chemicals that help repair damaged tissues, but in the long run, as the number of aging cells increases, they can disrupt the normal structure of organs and tissues. These cells can underlie many of the problems associated with aging. Mice in which aging cells were purified deeply delayed signs of aging.

We can describe a lot of what happens during aging, on the same level as what physically happens to our genes, cells, and organs. But the basic question of why we are aging is still open. There is probably more than one correct answer.

Of course, no one knows if Bezos’s attempt can help prolong human life. But it’s clear that researching aging is sure to lead to exciting new discoveries. Never listen to anyone who says that big questions have already been answered. As I recently clarified in The Secret Body, a book about new technology and the human body, I am confident that dramatic breakthroughs will profoundly change the experience of humanity in the coming century.

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